Ruby Cohn (1922-2011)
By Elin Diamond
Renowned theater scholar and Beckett specialist,
Ruby Cohn died in Oakland, CA, on Tuesday, 18th October 2011, after
a prolonged struggle with Parkinson's disease. She was 89. Ruby Cohn
was Professor of Comparative Drama at the University of California,
Davis where, for thirty years, she was a member of the Comparative Literature,
Theater, English, and French departments, and taught courses on modern
and experimental drama, Shakespeare's legacies in modern drama, dramatic
genres and on Samuel Beckett and his contemporaries. In earlier years,
starting in 1961, Ruby Cohn was a professor of Language Arts at San
Francisco State University, where she launched a comparative literature
program and also joined a student strike to bring ethnic studies to
the curriculum. Refusing to teach her courses on campus, Cohn resigned
in protest in 1968. In 1969, she joined the faculty of the theater school
of the California Institute of the Arts before moving to U.C. Davis
in 1972. A recipient of Fulbright and Guggenheim fellowships, Ruby Cohn
was named by her colleagues a "Faculty Research Lecturer," the highest
honor accorded the University. She retired from U.C. Davis in 1992,
yet continued to teach and write. At her death Ruby Cohn was the author
or editor of over twenty monographs and anthologies, among which was
the first of many influential books on Samuel Beckett and on modern
and contemporary U.S., British and continental drama.
Born Ruby Burman on August 13, 1922, in Columbus
Ohio, she later moved with her family to New York City, and while in
high school, saw the Federal Theater in action, including Orson Welles'
Voodoo Macbeth. A graduate of Hunter College, she joined the
WAVES during World War II and learned to install radar on battle ships
and became an accomplished marksman. She soon returned to Europe and
took her first doctoral degree at the University of Paris, reveling
in Paris's genial postwar ferment. One cold January night in 1953 she
attended the first public performance of an obscure play called En
Attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot), a work that would
establish the reputation of "absurdist" theater in Paris with its heady
mixture of Sartrean alienation, linguistic experimentation, music hall
antics, and an emphatic refusal to pander to conventional theater audiences.
Back in the U.S. Ruby Cohn took a second doctorate at Washington University,
St. Louis, where her husband, the microbiologist Melvin Cohn, taught
(they were amicably divorced in 1962). This time she wrote her dissertation
on Samuel Beckett, which she developed into her first book, Samuel
Beckett: The Comic Gamut (1962).
In the Irish-born, French-speaking Beckett, Ruby
Cohn found a poet, novelist, and dramatist of stabbing wit and formal
daring, one whose field of philosophical and literary reference encompassed
the entire Western tradition. Samuel Beckett: the Comic Gamut
was not only the first full-length study of Beckett; it also set a high
intellectual bar for the vast industry of Beckett criticism that followed.
With its epigraphs in French (Descartes) and English (Shakespeare),
the book's thirteen chapters interweave careful analysis with biographical,
translation and publishing information all of which illuminate and frankly
explain Beckett's paradoxes and arcana. Throughout, Cohn homes in on
Beckett's words and the peculiar forms they take, sometimes matching
his punning wit with her own. In the chapter, "Watt Knott," Cohn notes
Beckett's comic couplings of, and puns on, names: "Cream and Berry,
the hardy laurel, Rose and Cerise, Art and Con," and wryly adds in a
footnote: "Con [is] a French obscenity (as I learned through its homonym
Cohn)…." Beckett's credo of failure--"to be an artist is to fail, as
no other dare fail"--was, for Ruby Cohn, testimony of his commitment
to explore, through the discipline of art, the ludicrous ironies of
human striving, the sham of sexual love, and, as Beckett himself famously
put it, "the expression that there is nothing to express, nothing with
which to expres, no desire to express, together with the obligation
to express."
That obligation betokened, Cohn felt, Beckett's
deep humanity and she never wavered from that fundament. The critic's
job was not to import structures of value or theories of meaning to
the text, but to read and interpret with acuity, accuracy, and imagination.
Literary theory bored and angered her, but she read a great deal of
it and read everything ever written on Beckett, no matter by whom. She
walked out of bad theater performances sooner than she closed another
scholar's book. Her scholarly integrity is on view in her conscientiously
trilingual bibliography for The Comic Gamut (her French was
fluent, her German quite good), and in this way too she set a standard
for Beckett research and criticism, although few had her comparatist's
skill in languages.
As Beckett's canon unfolded, so did Cohn's: Casebook
on Waiting for Godot (1967), Back to Beckett (1974), Samuel
Beckett: A Collection of Criticism (1975), Just Play: Beckett's
Theater (1980), Disjecta: Miscellaneous Writings and a Dramatic
Fragment (1984), From Desire to Godot: Pocket Theater of postwar
Paris (1987), and finally A Beckett Canon (2001). This
latter is a beautiful book, written in the leisure of retirement, a
rumination on the Beckett canon as it unfolds chronologically. It begins:
"Having read nothing by Beckett, I fell in love with his En Attendant
Godot in 1953, when it was performed at the short-lived Théâtre
de Babylone in Paris." She promises not "to impose coherence upon the
many threads of Beckett's tapestry" but rather writes for an engaged
reader, "and I imagine her/him as one who has been drawn to Beckett
in print or performance, and who is curious about other facets of his
oeuvre." In other words, a reader very like Cohn herself starting on
her Beckett journey in 1953.
Even when Beckett was not her obvious subject,
his astringent forms influenced her taste in other dramatists, and she
was determined to give full exposure to the best modern American and
British drama in her Edward Albee (1969), Currents in Contemporary
Drama (1969), Dialogue in American Drama (1971), and Modern
Shakespeare Offshoots (1976), New American Dramatists 1960-1990
(1991). In the 1990s, living half the year in London, she concentrated
on British theater in her books Retreats from Realism in Recent
English Drama (1991), Anglo-American Interplay in Recent Drama
(1995). In these years, she particularly admired the formally adventurous
work of Caryl Churchill.
Ruby Cohn's lifelong effort to join the immediacy
of theater performance to the careful analysis of dramatic texts made
her an eager if exacting theater-goer. She developed warm friendships
with the experimental directors and actors who worked on Beckett's texts,
especially Joseph Chaikin and Herbert Blau, and she supported the Mabou
Mines experimental theater company, when, with Beckett's permission,
founding member Frederick Neumann adapted eight of Beckett's nontheatrical
prose works for the theater. Ruth Maleczech of Mabou Mines notes, "Ruby
would put her finger on things very clearly. There was a level of trust
between her and the company [and] she was interested in what we did
even when it wasn't Beckett." This would certainly hold true of Joan
Holden's San Francsico Mime Troupe of which Ruby Cohn was a faithful
supporter.
Fiercely opinionated and capable at times of
quite memorable rebukes, Ruby Cohn was also memorably committed to her
students who benefited from her scholarship and lucid criticism, and
to her legions of friends on whom she lavished her concern and loving
attention. Ruby Cohn is survived by all these people and by her goddaughter
Polly Richards and her family.